Plato (427-347 BC)

John Locke (1632-1704 AD)

1. In ancient Athens in 400 BC, participation in the government was mandatory. All male citizens had to serve on a jury. In your government, will all citizens, male and female have to serve on the jury? Will the government pay them for their time?
2. In ancient Athens, there were no professional judges as we have today. As a result, there was more DIRECT participation in the government. Do you think this was a good idea…Why or why not?
3. In ancient Athens, people could vote for someone to be banished (permanently sent away) from the city. Will you allow this process in your government, why or why not?
4. Plato, one of the greatest philosophers in ancient Athens in 400 BC was concerned that in a direct democracy, decisions about right and wrong are decided by whatever the majority thinks. Do you think that laws should always be made based on what the majority thinks?
5. As a philosopher, Plato was concerned that issues of right and wrong should be determined based on more than a popular vote. He thought that justice was an ideal that was absolute and unchanging thoughout time. What do you think? Will what is considered right and just in one generation in your city-state, completely change in the next generation?
6. Plato thought that a just city should reflect that same characteristics of a just person, or a just soul. He thought that a soul consisted of three parts: a part that did the thinking(the head), a part that was full of emotion and spirit(chest), and a part that sought pleasure, sex, and to satisfy its appetite(the stomach). A soul that is just would operate in complete balance and harmony. The head(the rational part) would rule, the spirited part would enforce the thoughts of the head with conviction and feeling, the appetite and the soul’s desire for pleasure would obey the head. All desires would follow the rational desire for truth and goodness. Do you believe in a soul? Do you think this type of harmony exists in a person who you would consider just, fair, or good?
7. Plato thought that an ideal or just city should function like a just soul. In order for a city to operate in harmony, people must specialize in what they do best. Some people who are more rational and better educated should be the HEAD and rule. These people he described as enlightened guardians he called philosopher-kings. Other people should work directly with the philosopher-kings to help in the administration of the city(the CHEST). Finally another class of people was best suited to being laborers (the abdomen). People had the opportunity to advance from one class to the other with proper education and training. Do you agree with Plato? Is this your concept of a just city? How would you debate Plato if you do not agree with him?
8. John Locke thought like Plato that there were ideals in the form of rights that did not change from generation to generation. He thought that every person had the ability to discover these absolute rights using their own reason. How would you prove that people had rights–that natural rights existed. How would you debate someone who told you that people really didn’t have any rights.